Traduzione in Italiano del testo di
Phillip Knightly
http://www.australianpj.com/journal/html/essays/knightly1.html
http://www.australianpj.com/journal/html/essays/knightly2.html
http://evatt.labor.net.au/news/201.html
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Few sections of the media industry provoke such moral and ethical dilemmas as photo-journalism.
The very phrase suggests that its
practitioners are striving for more than photography or journalism alone can
provide--a combination of the power of both image and word.
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Poche sezioni dell'industria della comunicazione provocano tali dilemmi morali ed etici come il foto-giornalismo.
La frase ci suggerisce che i
professionisti stanno tentando d'ottenere più di quanto la fotografia o il
giornalismo da soli possano fornire -- |
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The first is probably the best-known
war photograph ever--Robert Capa’s famous "Moment of Death" shot of a
Republican militiaman, falling backwards, arms outflung, at the very instant
he is killed during the Spanish Civil War. There is, however a problem. |
Il primo è probabilmente la
miglior fotografia di guerra, più nota come il famoso “Momento della
Morte” di Robert Capa, scattata ad un miliziano repubblicano che cade
indietro e allarga le braccia, nell’istante in cui è ucciso durante la
guerra civile spagnola. C’è però comunque un problema. La famosa fotografia è quasi
certamente un falso -- Capa l’ha organizzata.
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Back in 1975, examining the
authenticity of all photographic icons for my book on war correspondents,
"The First Casualty", I looked for answers. Capa’s version as told to Hersey, if true, suggests that the famous photograph was a million to one fluke. Capa said he had gone to Andalusia in August 1936. During one battle he was in a trench with a company of Republican volunteers who shouted "Viva la Republica", jumped over the parapet, and charged a Nationalist machine-gun nest. Hersey wrote, "As they charged, the photographer [Capa] timidly raised his camera to the top of the parapet and, without looking, at the instant of the first machine-gun burst, pressed the button. Two months later Capa was notified that he was now in truth a famous, talented, and nearly rich photographer, for the random snapshot had turned out to be a clear picture of a brave man in the act of falling dead as he ran." This is an intriguing story. Some, including the writer Martha Gellhorn, who knew Capa when she was in Spain with Ernest Hemingway, believed it was totally feasible. Others, like Cornell Capa, believe that Capa was pulling Hersey’s leg, which seems unlikely. But soon I had even stranger accounts. |
Già nel 1975, esaminando l'autenticità di tutte le icone fotografiche per il mio libro sui corrispondenti di guerra, "The First Casualty", ho cercato le risposte. Non potei chiedere a Capa perché nel 1954, in Indo-Cina durante la sua quinta guerra come fotoreporter ha fatto un passo su una mina ed è stato ucciso. Ma poiché mi è sembrato improbabile che avesse vissuto senza parlare delle circostanze che riguardano la sua fotografia più nota, ho cercato nel 1975 di mettermi in contatto con quella gente che avrebbe potuto aver in passato discusso con lui su quell'immagine. Henri Cartier-Bresson, socio professionale in Magnum, la famosa agenzia di fotografi,gruppo, mi disse che non era allora con Capa, e che non ne sapeva niente. Stephan Lorant del Picture Post ha detto di non avere "prove di prima mano". Il fratello di Capa, Cornell Capa ha detto, "non ho mai visto o sentito da Bob particolari circa quella fotografia o quella sequenza particolare." Ciò era curioso. Capa non ne aveva detto a apparentemente nulla alla gente più vicina a lui su come gli era capitato di scattare la fotografia che ha lanciato la sua carriera. Ma scopersi che John Hersey, autore americano e un ex corrispondente di guerra, aveva scritto che Robert Capa gli aveva raccontato la storia della fotografia “il momento della morte" e che Hersey aveva usato questo racconto in una revisione del autobiografia di Capa, "un po' sfuocato." La versione di Capa, come riportata da Hersey, se vera, suggerisce che la fotografia famosa sia stata un classico caso su un milione. Capa era andato a Andalusia nel mese di agosto del 1936: durante una battaglia era in trincea con una compagnia dei volontari repubblicani , che gridando"Viva La Republica!", sono balzati dalla trincea ed hanno caricato un nido di mitragliatrici dei nazionalisti. Hersey scrisse: "mentre caricavano il fotografo [ (Capa ) timidamente ha alzato la sua macchina fotografica sulla parte superiore del parapetto della trincea, e, senza osservare, nel momento dei primi spari della mitragliatrice ha premuto il tasto della camera. Due mesi più tardi a Capa fu comunicato che ora era un fotografo famoso, di talento e quasi ricco, dato che la sua fotografia istantanea casuale era diventata l'immagine famosa di un partigiano colto nel momento della morte mentre scattava." Tutto questo è molto intrigante. Alcuni, compreso lo scrittore Martha Gellhorn, che ha conosciuto Capa quando era in Spagna con Ernest Hemingway, ritengono questa versione molto plausibile. Altri, come Cornell Capa, credono che Capa stesse prendendo in giro Hersey, cosa che sembra improbabile. Ma presto ebbi versioni ancora più strane…
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The late O. D. Gallagher, who had
been a London Daily Express correspondent in Spain got in touch to say that
Capa had posed the photograph. Well, it is not unknown for photographers to pose pictures and there is other evidence that Capa did so. Some years ago, "Fotografia Italiana" published three Capa photographs taken during the Spanish Civil War, two of which are clearly posed. One shows nine Republican militiamen standing on the parapet of a trench grinning and waving their rifles in the air. The writer of the accompanying article on Capa, Piero Gardin, says he has examined this photograph and also the "moment of death" but--despite similarities in appearance--he has resisted the temptation to conclude that "the moment of death" soldier looks to be the same one "still alive" at the left of the posed group photograph. But was the group photograph taken before or after "the moment of death" picture? If before, then why were the soldiers standing in full view of the Nationalist machine-gun nest that Capa told Hersey had killed so many Republican soldiers? At this stage I had raised lots of questions but had no real answers. Then came a breakthrough. Capa had told Hersey that he had taken the million to one photograph in Andalusia in August 1936. Life had published it as "the moment of death" in July 1937, in an issue to mark the first anniversary of the war. Had it not been published somewhere in the meantime? Gallagher vaguely remembered seeing it in a French magazine some time in September 1936. A search in French libraries located it in "VU" magazine, at the Bibliotheque Arsenal. And, a big surprise, there turned out to be not just one "moment of death" photograph, but two. Under the heading "The Civil War in Spain: How They Fell" there were two half page photographs of a militiaman falling to the ground. The caption suggests that the photographs are meant to be symbolic: "Legs braced, chests bared, rifles at the ready, they stumble down the stubble-covered slope. Suddenly the momentum of the attack is broken. Bullets whistle, fratricidal bullets, and their blood is drunk by their native earth." But seen together, the two photographs put an entirely different complexion on the question of whether either or both of them were staged. Philip Gaskell, formerly Librarian and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, writing in Journalism Studies Review of July, 1981, said, "Careful comparison of the two shows first that both were taken at precisely the same spot (proved by the pattern of long grasses in the foreground) and also that they were taken at the same time (indicated by the clouds, and by the lighting and shadows).
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O. D. Gallagher, che era
stato un corrispondente del quotidiano London Daily Express in Spagna, si
mise in contatto con me raccontandomi che Capa aveva preparato quella
fotografia. Ma la fotografia del gruppo
è stata presa prima o dopo "il momento l'immagine di morte"? A quel punto avevo un mucchio di domande ma non nessuna risposta reale. Poi ebbi un’illuminazione: Capa ha detto a Hersey come avesse scattato la fotografia in Andalusia nel mese di agosto del 1936. Life Magazine lo aveva pubblicato come "il momento della morte" nel mese di luglio del 1937, in un'edizione dedicata al primo anniversario della guerra. Era stata pubblicata nel frattempo in qualche luogo? Gallagher si ricordava
vagamente di averlo visto in un giornale francese nel mese di settembre del
1936. E, con grande sorpresa
risultavano esserci non una "momento fotografia di morte" ma due. Alla voce
"la guerra civile in Spagna: Come sono caduti" c'erano due fotografie su
mezze pagine di un Miliziano cadente a terra.
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"In other words they appear to
derive from the same photographic sequence. "It is clearly impossible that the soldier in the first photograph could have fallen further towards the ground and at the same time have recovered his grasp on his rifle. It is equally impossible that the soldier in the second photograph could have risen from his splayed, almost prone position to the unbalanced fall shown in the first picture. So we have two photographs taken by Capa in the same sequence which show, twice over, a rifleman falling as if shot dead to the same spot of ground.
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"in altre parole sembrano
derivare dalla stessa sequenza fotografica.
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"The simple and obvious explanation
is that neither of them shows an actual moment of death but that both were
staged, and have a soldier (or perhaps two separate soldiers) falling to the
ground in simulation of being shot. For what follows if they were not
staged? Can we really believe that Capa was able to photograph the actual
moments of death of two separate soldiers, in quick succession on the
self-same spot, the body of one having been removed before the second one
fell? Or that one of the two is of an actual moment of death, and the other
one was staged immediately before or after the real one?
Such suppositions are obviously absurd." There
are two ways in which the issue could be resolved once and for all. Cornell
Capa or Magnum could release the whole roll of film on which the two
"moments of death" appear. We would then be able to see the sequence in
which Capa took the shots, whether the posed photographs are part of this
sequence and whether the "moment of death" was before or after the shot of
the soldiers posing on top of the trench. To date Magnum has declined to do
so. Or Life magazine could say what information it had that enabled it to so
decisively caption the photograph "Robert Capa’s camera catches a Spanish
soldier the instant he is dropped by a bullet through the head in front of
Cordoba" and from whom that information came. Capa? His agent? No one? I
wrote twice to Life asking these questions but to date I have had no reply.
Suppose Capa did pose the photographs, sent them off to his agent with a
caption similar to the one used in VU, never claimed that they represented
the "moment of death", and was surprised when Life appeared with the caption
that turned a nondescript photograph into a valuable and much admired
image. "The woman he loved, Gerda, was killed in Spain in a hideous accident; Capa said she was his wife, which she wasn’t, and said he was with her at the time, which he wasn’t. Now it is true that the magazines for which he worked also regularly told untruths, to put it mildly. Life claimed that he had waded across the Segre river with troops in Spain when he had really been at a party with Hemingway and Malraux. "But Capa caps the lot. His autobiography, Slightly Out of Focus, is apparently more a work of fiction than of fact. Again and again his claims are shown to be false. . . But the really disconcerting part is the doubt as to whether Capa’s personal untruthfulness seeped into his professional conscience. . ." Ricks concludes, "It is terrible to think that Capa may have been corrupted by the devilish imposture advocated by Henry Luce [editorial director of Life] as ‘fakery in the allegiance to truth.’ ‘Capa arranged a whole attack scene: an imaginary fascist position was stormed . . .’ What was that about [truth being] ‘the first casualty’?".
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"La spiegazione semplice ed
evidente è che nessuna delle due foto mostra il momento reale della morte ma
che entrambe sono state organizzate ed hanno un soldato (o forse due soldati
separati) cadere in terra nella simulazione di fucilazione. Ricks conclude, " è terribile pensare che Capa possa essere stato corrotto dall’ impostura diabolica sostenuta da Henry Luce [ direttore editoriale di Life ] come “elemento fittizio in allergia alla verità”Capa ha organizzato una scena intera di attacco: una posizione fascista immaginaria era attaccata. Qual è allora la verità sulla “prima casualità”?
Traduzione curata da Angelo Cucchetto |